Sales of electric vehicles in 2016 should Scare the oil industry, but 2017 could be a death blow If Tesla can deliver
Batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles.
Most new hybrid plug-in and all-electric vehicles will use lithium-ion above rather than batteries to nickel metal hydride used in many hybrid electric vehicles.
energy storage systems, usually batteries are essential for electric vehicles, such as hybrid electric vehicles HEV, PHEV plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and all-electric vehicles electric vehicles.
The following energy storage systems are used in HEVs, PHEVs and EVs.
Lithium-ion are currently used in most portable consumer electronics such as cell phones and laptops due to their high energy per unit mass compared to other electric energy storage systems they also a power to weight ratio, high efficiency, good performance at high temperature and low self-discharge most components of lithium-ion batteries can be recycled most PHEVs s today and all-electric vehicles use lithium-ion battery, although the exact chemical composition often varies from that of consumer electronics research and development batteries are underway to reduce costs and extend their useful life.
nickel-metal hydride batteries, commonly used in the computer and medical equipment, offer reasonable specific energy and specific power capacity nickel-metal hydride batteries have a life cycle much longer than lead-acid batteries and are safe and tolerant abuse These batteries have been used successfully in all-electric vehicles and are widely used in hybrid electric vehicles the main challenges with nickel-metal hydride batteries are their high cost, high self-discharge and high-temperature heat production, and the need to control the hydrogen loss.
lead-acid batteries can be designed for high power and are inexpensive, safe and reliable, however, the low specific energy, the poor performance of the cold temperature and short civil life and the cycle prevent their high peak power use batteries lead-acid are being developed, but these batteries are used in electric drive vehicles commercially available for auxiliary loads.
Supercapacitors store energy in a polarized liquid between an electrode and an energy storage capacity electrolyte increases as the liquid surface increases supercapacitors can provide additional power during vehicle acceleration and hill climbing and help recover braking energy they may also be useful as a secondary energy storage devices in electric propulsion vehicles as they help the electrochemical battery charge level of power.
Electric vehicles are relatively new to the US automotive market, so that only a small number of them have approached the end of their useful life Consequently, some post-consumer electric vehicle batteries are available, limiting and the extent of battery- recycling infrastructure as electric vehicles become more and more common, battery recycling market will probably increase.
recycling large-scale battery keep hazardous materials from entering the waste stream, both at the end of a battery service life, and during his production work is underway to develop processes recycling batteries that minimize life cycle impacts of using lithium ion and other batteries in vehicles But not all recycling processes are the same.
Smelting process Smelting retrieve base elements or salts These processes now operate on a large scale and can accept many types of batteries, including hybrid lithium-ion batteries nickel metal and fusion takes place at elevated temperatures, and materials organic, including the electrolyte and carbon anodes, is burned as fuel or reducing the precious metals are recovered and sent to refining so that the product is suitable for any use other materials, including lithium, are contained in the slag, which is now used as an additive in concrete.
direct recovery At the other extreme, some recycling process to directly retrieve the battery quality materials components are separated by a variety of physical and chemical processes, and all the active materials and metals can be recovered is the direct recovery a low temperature with minimal energy requirement process.
intermediate processes The third type of process is between the two extremes such processes can accept multiple types of batteries, unlike the direct recovery, but to recover further material along the production chain as fusion.
The separation of different types of battery materials is often a stumbling block for the recovery of high-value materials Therefore, the battery design that takes into account the dismantling and recycling is important for the success of sustainable development EPI standardization of batteries, materials and cell design would also be easier and more profitable recycling.
Read more about the research and development of energy storage batteries National Renewable Energy Laboratory subsite and the U S Department of Energy Storage pages Energy Vehicle Technologies Office.
Alternative Fuels Data Center Batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles PlugIn, batteries, hybrid, electric.