Quick & Furious 8 - Official Trailer 1 (Universal Pictures) HD
Shipping has been thriving since ancient times in Japan, which consists of four major islands - Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, and other small islands Many ships have crisscrossed between the mainland and isolated islands in 1884, the modern trains ferry appeared in Japanese waters the main roads of train ferries were road Chihaku Wakkanai - Otomari now Korsakov, Sakhalin island, 167 km; directions Seikan Aomori - Hakodate, 113 km; directions Uko Uno - Takamatsu 20 7 km; and the road Kampu Shimonoseki - Busan now Busan, South Korea, the road 226 km Especialy Kampu was one of the most important roads, linking the colonial Korea at the time Empire of Japan.
Before the Second World War, there were several routes between the mainland and mainland Japan most of them were the so-called colonial roads, ships and other roads - the roads of South North America, the road in Australia in Africa the road and the road in Europe NYK Line Nippon Yusen, Osaka Shosen now Kaisha Mitsui OSK Line, etc. exploited these roads.
During the war, the Japanese merchant ships were requisitioned by the military and used as transport ships, etc. However, most of them were swallowed by the Japanese military sea crammed a lot of prisoners of war in inconvenient holds of ships, and took many prisoners of war camps in the mainland as a result, these vessels are dishonorable known as hell ships in history the only ship that survived was the Hikawa Maru 11,622gt of NYK Line, 1930 the little steamer which was used as a hospital ship is now registered at the port of Yokohama.
In August 1945, the Second World War ended Japan lost all colonies Only the Seikan route, Uko road and other short tracks train ferries, and some remote island roads survived the Japanese ferry routes .
The first ferries of Japan were 43gt Daihachi wakato Maru wakato Maru No. 8 and Daiku wakato Maru wakato Maru No. 9, which was launched in March 1934 Their operator was wakato Tosen wakato Ferry The double-ended ferry could transport 2 trucks and 4 tricars and plied between wakato Wakamatsu and northern Kyushu 600m.
In 1950 the Korean War broke Japan provided the Armed Forces U S with many products War led to the revival of the Japanese economy.
The April 11, 1954, the first regular ferry line was opened between the Hanshin Osaka Kobe area, Honshu and Shikoku via Awaji Island The route consisted of two routes, the Strait Akashi Akashi route, Honshu - Iwaya, the 'Awaji island; September 3 km and the road Fukura Naruto Strait, the island of Awaji - Naruto Shikoku; Aug. 14 km double-ended ferries, Asagiri Maru 229gt and Wakashio Maru sister were launched on local governments, Hyogo Prefecture operated the Strait Akashi road and Tokushima Prefecture operated the Naruto Strait route respectively later JH Japan Highway routes operated.
In Japan, car ferries that run on more than 300 kilometers of routes are discriminated as Long Haul Ferries car ferry other This classification has no relation to the ships themselves, but it has much to do with history However, most long-distance car ferries are large bins and uniqueness bypasses the sea for trucks in this, Japanese car ferries are very different from European ferries, which have developed Channel Ferries tourists form and the roads Japanese car ferries reflect their character.
In 1960 s, industries such as automotive, shipbuilding, iron and steel, electrical engineering, etc. developed in Japan in 1968, Japan placed the largest next to the United States in the GNP gross national product of the capitalist countries, but the highway system Japan still underdeveloped in the days Route 2, which connected the Hanshin Osaka Kobe Kokura region in northern Kyushu, for example, was packed.
In the circumstances, a man knocked the idea of transporting truck Kobe to Kokura by boat The man was Mr. Toyokuni Iritani, President Kanko Kisen His idea was to car ferries bypasses the sea But for trucks then Japan, public ferries considered maritime bridge between the mainland and the isles afar the idea that the transport of trucks by boat parallel to roads was very creative or unique one but Iritani thought the idea would come off right .
On August 10, 1968, new ship, Ferry Hankyu Kobe 4,979gt made wearing the veil, and the history of Japanese car ferries long haul began in November, the Dairoku Hankyu Hankyu 6, 5,011gt entered their Hankyu Ferry service between Kobe Honshu and Kokura Kyushu, and their daily service began Contrary to the expectations of many, the new business Iritani was welcomed by many truck drivers and was a great success the car ferries have built on the model of train ferry JNR.
Shortly after the success of Hankyu Ferry, he founded Shin Nihonkai Ferry in June 1969 In August 1970, he opened a new route between Otaru Hokkaido and Tsuruga Maizuru Honshu, and introduced the 9,053gt Suzuran Maru in the road The Suzuran Maru had a unique dome on the bow to stand against the choppy waters of the sea Nihonkai Japan in winter, and was called Umi No Shinkansen bullet sea Although it was the largest ferry then Japan, she had few public rooms for passengers, and is specialized for trucks later, Shin Nihonkai ferry became the largest ferry operator in Japan.
At the same time, energetic Iritani also founded Kampu Shimonoseki Ferry in June 1969 In June 1970, the 3,875gt Ferry Kampu began Shimonoseki between Japan folds and Pusan in South Korea This vessel was the first international ferry between Japan and other countries after the Second World War, and has been exploited by all Kampu Ferry Japan Ferry Pukwan and South Korea.
As a result, the group was formed SHK line The group takes up the headquarters of the Japanese ferry industry today, and now enters the same cruise company Japan Cruise Line.
After the success of Iritani, many companies, most of them are not shipping companies have started a new business - many business ferrry road car in the first half of the 1970s, the ferry car were booming in Japan many car ferry companies were founded were opened, and many car ferries were built.
Most companies imitated the business model Iritani - bypasses the sea for trucks But some of them failed to make the most of the sea bypasses advantage were forced to close these are the losers.
Central Ferry, Kawasaki - Osaka - Kobe, Hiroshima Green Ferry 1971-1972, Hiroshima - Osaka, Fuji 1972-1982 Ferry, Matsusaka - Tokyo 1974-1979.
Meanwhile, some companies operate luxury car ferry that focused on Various ferries tourists were built in 1970 for most ferries that were built in the days still working in Greece, the Persian Gulf and the Philippines.
In 1975, the Japanese system car ferry routes has been almost completed, but the Japanese ferry industry had to spend a long winter and dark due to the 1973 oil crisis.
As mentioned above, long-haul ferries Japanese born bypasses the sea for trucks But some companies Ferry luxury car ferry operated for tourists.
Nippon Car Ferry Kawasaki - Hyuga Phenix 5,954gt, 1971 Saint Paulia 5,960gt, 1971 Bougainvillea 5,964gt 1971.
Kansai Kisen Osaka - Kobe - Imabari - Matsuyama - Beppu Yufu 3,360gt, 1971 Maya 3,229gt 1971.
Terukuni Yusen Kagoshima - Amami Island - Tokunoshima Island - Okinoerabu Island - Yoron Coral Island Queen 6,430gt 1972.
Nihon Ferry Kosoku Nagoya - Kochi - Kagoshima; Tokyo - Nachikatsuura - Kochi; Osaka - Kagoshima sunflower 11,312gt, 1972 Sunflower 11,314gt 2, 1972 Sunflower 5 12,711gt, 1973 Sunflower 12,759gt 8, 1973 Sunflower 11 13,599gt 1974.
But oil prices rose very high because of the 1973 oil crisis, and what is worse, tourists have decreased due to the economic downturn The high side and depression hit the ferry companies that operated the supposedly luxury car ferry in 1976, the base Kagoshima- Kagoshima Shosen made planes to luxury ferries linking Kyushu and Kagoshima Kobe Honshu, but failed to achieve the luxury ships have disappeared in the waters Japanese, one by one, and car ferries as cargo planes to replace, for example, New Suzuran 16,250gt s Shin Nihonkai Ferry, 1979 New Yukari 16,239gt, 1979; the new Yamato 11,919gt Hankyu Ferry 1983 New Miyako 11,914gt, 1984 etc. were these bins.
Thus, the Japanese long-haul ferry industry newborn met a setback, and was forced to spend long, dark time of slumping since the mid-70 Except aficionado ships, some people He was loved cruising general to travel by rail, air, bus, car in the country, by contrast, foreign travel, including Hawaii and Guam, was becoming popular.
After the Plaza Accord of September 1985, the exchange rate of the Japanese yen rose rapidly on the one hand, oil prices were the other declining These movements have hit the Japanese shipbuilding industry which was the largest in the world these days Meanwhile, these circumstances have become a turning point for the Japanese ferry industry had struggled for a long time, in other words, it came to be easy for ferry companies to build replacement vessels because ship prices fell while the shipbuilding industry was in a depression, and cheap shipping oil company is also improving in 1989, Japan experienced prosperity landmark, cruise ships were built as Fuji Maru Oceanic Grace, etc and leisure industries have developed stations, for example, golf courses, for theme cs, etc. Under such a social context, supposedly cruiseferries were built in Japan, too, and a lot of old cars ferries that were built in the 1970s have been sold and went to the Philippines or the Mediterranean.
The first was the white 10,182gt cruise Sanpo Sanpo Kaiun 2, 1981, which ran on the short route between Matsuyama, Imabari Shikoku and Kobe Honshu She luxurious public rooms for a car ferry in the Seto sea Naikai Seto inside.
As for the long haul ferries, the new ships of Shin Nihonkai Ferry and Taiheiyo Ferry drew attention These ships were cruiseferries who tried to lure tourists with their staterooms and public rooms they were quite different from old ferry as cargo planes.
Shin Nihonkai Ferry New Hamanasu 17,261gt, 1987 New Shirayuri 17,261gt, 1987 New Akashia 19,750gt, 1988 Ferry Lavender 19,904gt, 1992 Ferry Azalea 20,558gt, 1994 Ferry Shirakaba 20,552gt 1994.
Taiheiyo Ferry Kiso 13,691gt, 1987 Kitakami 13,937gt, 1989 Ishikari 14,257gt 1991.
The three sisters Taiheiyo Ferry to cruiseferries typical Japanese Especially the 1991 Ishikari captured the public's imagination with its luxurious interior and excellent service is not too say that the Taiheiyo ferry Silja line is Japan actually states Japanese shipping companies management -majors used to carry out an inspection of the operators of the cruise Baltique.
Other luxury cruiseferries were Sabrina 12,521gt of Kinkai Yusen 1990 Blue Zephyr 12,500gt, 1990 and Ferry Hiryu 10,351gt Arimura Sangyo cruise based in Okinawa 1995 Cruise Ferry Hiryu 9,925gt 21, 1996 All these ships were ferries that focused on passengers or tourists.
The Japanese, who had worked hard like ants to reconstruct the Japan that was devastated by World War II, has finally reached the standard of living to enjoy the cruise But the good days did not keep long because prices shares and land has fallen sharply in 1991 collapse of the bubble ferry industry was forced to fight again.
The Japanese economy has experienced long depression days during the 1990 ferry industry gasped in a decline of cargo and passengers, the Japanese government has eased economic restrictions in order to overcome the depresstion Consequently, industry the ferry that was protected by licensing deal with the real free competition for the first time at the same time, the so-called low cost airlines are also born in Japan in 1996, but fortunately they did not become threats to because ferry companies strong competition with the major airlines Today, real competitors for passenger ferries are rather freight ro-ro ships and other cargo ships, we can see two interesting moves in the industry Japanese ferry.
The movement renounces resume passenger railways or airlines Ocean Tokyu Ferry, which operates Tokyo - Tokushima - Kita Kyushu 1173 km route presented the so-called casual Ferry, North 11,114gt the ocean, 1996 South Ocean 11,114gt 1996 both passengers and crew have been greatly reduced in order to reduce costs 148 passengers, 22 crew These bins have only vending machines instead of restaurants, and are without frill stations tech -service sea also Kinkai now Kinkai Yusen Yusen Butsuryu, which operates Tokyo - Kushiro route 1120 km ceased luxury passenger and ro-ro ships cruiseferries converted in 1999.
The other motion introduced luxury cruiseferries From 2002 to 2004, Shin Nihonkai Ferry presented four ferries, Lilac 18,229gt, 2002, Yuukari 18,229gt, 2003 Hamanasu 16,810gt, 2004 and 2004, Akashia 16,810gt All ferries are that cruiseferries boast luxury cabins with private balconies, however, they are not the same as for passengers luxury 1970 s their characteristic is that they earn cargoes mainly in particular, 32 knots faster cruiseferries, Hamanasu Akashia can ply between Maizuru and Otaru 1061 kilometers every day just 20 hours it took 29 hours for the former three sisters, and can reduce costs against fast ro-ro ships in addition to this, they try to attract many tourists with accommodation Thier end in January 2005, the luxury ferry from Taiheiyo ferry, Kiso 15,795gt was launched.
However, succumbed to a contest, the ferry companies that were forced to close roads, merge with others, or finally close appeared one by one in particular, the oil price surge Press ferry companies .
For example, Kansai Kisen and Ferry diamond, which operate competing routes in the Seto Naikai, are associated with each other and use the common brand sunflower Ferry to reduce costs since 1 April 2005 also, in July 2007, Ferry swallowed diamond line Blue Highway Nishi Nihon, which operated the Shibushi Kyushu - route Osaka Honshu.
Meanwhile, Marine Express, which ran Kawasaki, near Tokyo, Honshu - Kyushu Miyazaki Hyuga route and Kaizuka near Osaka, Honshu - route Miyazaki Hyuga, assets sold to Miyazaki Car Ferry newly created and put into special liquidation in December 2005, the Pacific Express 11,583gt 1992, the Phoenix express 11,589gt and former Himuka Ferry rainbow Bell 13,597gt 1996 were sold.
And highway line shuttle, which began operating the Kyushu Oita - Yokosuka Honshu route with two ferries used car in April 2004, went bankrupt in September 2007 debt amounted to about 7 to 45 billion yen.
The capital of Hokkaido, Sapporo Higashi Nihon Ferry based was well known as operated 11 routes with 22 bins named after the gods of Greek mythology or Scandinavian myths in their first sales business, but the operation of the Hotel Division and leisure division experienced sluggish growth Moreover, Higashi Nihon Ferry was forced to cope with a drop shipping merchandise because of economic stagnation in Japan especially, Kyuetsu Ferry, a subsidiary that was founded Kyushu in Fukuoka in 1991, has placed a burden on Higashi Nihon Ferry.
On June 29, 2003, Higashi Nihon Ferry and 3 related companies, including Kyuestu Ferry filed for financial reconstruction under judicial review in the Court of District Tokyo Higashi Nihon Ferry withdrew from the activity of long-haul ferry from July 2007 now, Higashi Nihon Ferry only works 3 Hakodate routes - route Oma 40km; Hakodate - Aomori route 113 km; and Aomori - Route Muroran 204 kilometers into the throes of rehabilitation companies.
As described above, the circumstances of Japanese shipping companies are serious Some small operators that manage the routes in remote islands are also forced to be out of business.
Today, the Japanese government intends to transform transportation by trucks in rail or ferries to push the Modal Shift project to prevent global warming Japanese long-haul ferries were born to reduce the traffic congestion there 40 years, they are revalued as protectors for the global environment.
The heart of the management of Japanese long-distance car ferry was transporting goods Passenger services are dependent, with some exceptions Therefore, it is too optimistic to expect when many people like cruiseing ferry in Japanese waters , will come in the future on the other hand, function as ferries bypasses the sea attracts public attention again.
I, like a ship lover, hopes to expand the marine industry.
This is my manuscript on the history of Japanese long-term ferry for a book that was scheduled to be released in Greece in 2008. The book, however, has not seen the light of day so I dare publish here.
40 ferries Japanese long term, years, Japanese long term.