ATP & Breathing: Crash Course Biology # 7
As a fashion model, model looks like a human, but its more-than-skin deep beauty consist of high-tech instruments and a state of the art and physics as the version of the ventriloquist, the test dummy accident can t speak except in a very effective series of television commercials for the safety of the seat belt.
road safety organizations in the world rely on the impact resistance test in which a car crashed into a brick wall to observe the damage and generate data on the performance of the car occupants of the test vehicle are mannequins crash test themselves anthropomorphic test devices that are made to look and respond like the human body and which are loaded with sophisticated instrumentation registration information instruments on acceleration, speed, deceleration in impact, the force of impact, and the various movements and deformations of the torso of each model and the members These data are studied by safety engineers and behaviors related to human occupants and potential injury.
The crash test method has major flaws despite its universal acceptance The automobile or other vehicle is partially or totally damaged, according to the objective of the test dummies can be retrofitted and reused many times, but their ability to answer all the complexities of the human body is still being developed.
Before the 1940s, cars were tested using corpses injuries were observed on the real body, but dead bodies did not respond as breathing hoses crash test dummies were developed beings in 1949 under contract with the US Air Force to test ejection seat aircraft that were mounted on sleds rocket-propelled rail Sierra Sam was the first dummy automotive then used the same type of model to develop the belt security lap and shoulder harness Sierra Sam resembled the average adult human having a statistically correct and articulated limbs weight; However, the backbone of Sam and neck were rigid acceleration of his head as he followed the outflow tract could be measured, but it was far from enough to assess potential head injuries.
In 1952 Mark 1 was made from a plaster cast of a living man, and this model marked a huge improvement in the state of the art sensors housed His skull to measure the acceleration and strength of impact, and it was cast in two parts of the backbone of the Mark aluminum is composed of a series of ball joints and sleeve with spacers to simulate the range of motion of a real model had the skeleton also a set of steel tubes ribs, vinyl skin and the flesh of the foam, but the rigid members Other models developed by 1956 have been modified and instrumented to measure a selected range of sizes and motions dummies weight other than average were made for the first time, and these post-Mark 1 models were used to test the safety of tractors, frogmen suits for underwater escapades, and theft and security aspects of space research for the National Administration of Aeronautics and Space of NASA.
Motivated space programs the next advances in the fictional design to assess the effects of the thrust of the rocket strapped to the astronauts in the seats of space capsules, the US and European space programs have funded the invention of search model Grumman Alderson-GARD the sitting astronaut had to be perfectly aligned with the rocket thrust direction, or both the man and the seat twist out of GARD is a major technological step because the process center of gravity location and evaluation the moment of inertia of the tendency to rotate with acceleration were well instrumented in GARD sustainable dummy is still used for testing ejection seats because the seats limit the movement ranges in this model keep them simple enough to engineers to measure the rotations, the history of the acceleration, and constraints between man and the seat.
Until 1966, the aviation industry, military aviation and the space program have enabled the development of the test dummies The automotive industry has become the driving force in the development of crash test dummies this year that automobile deaths underlined the need for improving the chest of the dummy, the spine, pelvis and abdominal cavity to evaluate the mathematical models of restraint systems and experiments with body has separate lines showed that movements could be simulated with spring connections, springs move on impact, and they also bounce if effects such as whiplash can be studied safety Tests lap belts concentrated on injuries to the pelvis but the development of the shoulder harness necessary to have a supermodel sternum sternum, clavicles and shoulder blades the mannequi No harnessed was equipped with an instrumented visceral sac that mimics the movements of internal organs Instrumentation was also installed in cavities in the thighs, chest and head to the more complex and deflections fo rce movements could be studied.
In 1970, it was obvious that the adult size male model does not represent with the lowest proportions of children and women accuracy In fact, some injuries to smaller physiques were caused by belts and harnesses that have been proven safe by the average mannequin greater male model and the first woman model were produced in 1970 and were named Sierra Stan and Sierra Susie That same year, they added to their family with Sierra Sammy a child of three years, six and Sierra infant has no child was okay in the distribution of weight, but at least they were represented and studied for the first time.
The problem of the evaluation of children with injuries was complicated by the fact that many children are injured in car accidents because they are not standing or sitting conventional in accidents The range of movements and impacts potential variables are therefore much more for children unrestrained children Redesigned models immediately followed, and changes to child dummies continue to be the most intensely pursued the design of crash testing area between the 1970s 1990s in the 1970s, improved data gave the children more flexible skeletons and joints more flexible members as adults, adapt to different positions in the car, and improved instrumentation so that the widest range variables can be measured or interpreted the development and control of safety seats for childr ts, booster seats and airbags have required special attention to infant, toddler, and young models.
Improving computer analysis were also revolutionizing crash tests mid-1970 measuring computer methods helped nearly forty different parameters in the behavior of the test dummies building materials were similarly improved to make realistic models, fully articulated possible to reproduce the behavior of human bone, the artificial bones were made of fiberglass with a greater breaking strength so that the model can be used again these many adaptations have led to more and more specialized models, however, if models like the Supermorphic model were made exclusively for the car crash tests, they were too fragile for the ejection test.
Specializing in aircraft test dummies included withholding Limb Evaluator LRE anthropomorphic Manikin, which was created especially for testing restraints to prevent injury from flailing during the ejection of military jets Other specialized models tested experimental parachutes, helicopter accidents, and racing cars, for example, tests of accidents involving type race cars ran the Indianapolis 500-Mile race or the CART Championship Auto Racing Team circuit have shown that heavy racing helmets worn by drivers effectively protect the heads of impact damage, but the weight of the helmet increases the risk of neck injuries.
The first crash test dummies made in the years 1950 and 1960 did not meet the differences between body types The first models were statistically correct adult men, and as such, they have done little to represent the typical child, the child and the types of female bodies in 1970, the shortcomings of models were the types of apparent and various body were manufactured.
Because it forces the neck to lengthen the impact of an Indy car into a concrete wall reduces the speed of the car to 40 mph 64 km per hour to 70 milliseconds, and the driver feels an impact of 60 times the gravity sensor black box model evaluates all the forces at work 2,000 times per second while the accident is underway.
The test dummy technology again accelerated in development with the design and testing of the airbag the fictional family was diversified to include more types of airbag deployment dead body occurred most often in people outside the statistical dimensions These small occupants out of position occupants or OOP stimulated more evolutionary changes in deployment models airbags subject the models to the forces that have exceeded their significant design capabilities enhancements to the fictional family had took place in 1997 with airbag test and development of side air bags.
The body of the crash test dummy is formed of metal parts consisting of aluminum, bronze or steel depending on the design, purpose and parts of the body as well as metal plating materials A wide variety of materials plastics are also incorporated in most designs and plastics including Delrin type long held acetate resin, urethane and polyurethane foam and vinyl most models are coated to simulate reality and specific vendors provide clothing , paints and adhesives for labeling criticism or measurement points targets on the fact models, not only are external suppliers used for many fictitious voters, but federal regulators who approve dummy designs dictate suppliers specific to be used for certain materials.
dummy manufacturers provide little or no instrumentation designs offer space for instrumentation secure, but the instrumentation is so specific to the actual test conditions that customers dummy manufacturers install their own Some small knobs are sometimes incorporated in the manufacturer's lines, but more sophisticated instruments such as accelerometers and measuring load cells are selected by the customer from their own sets of instruments or specialist suppliers.
The design of crash test dummies is a complex and isolated process limited to government agencies, dummy manufacturers and customers as automakers Dummy manufacturers are not responsible for creating their own designs Instead, they receive drawing packages, sets of building specifications, and specifications for the required tests of the national security administration EU agencies NTSA traffic provide sets of similar documents with fictitious manufacturers based on their experience in building models, repair or to conform them and observing their post-accident trauma, mannequins manufacturers and users have input into the design changes the NTSA bases its designs on a multitude of data, including accident reports, location in a vehicle, variations in the physical and the physical, autopsies and simulations Biomechanics experts analyze all the available data and create specifications that are sent to manufacturers.
The manufacture of crash test dummies is very exclusive because of the complexity of the design and the small number of qualified manufacturers worldwide All design and construction meet a set of very high standards, there is no dummies crash test grade B.
When the drawing program and specifications for a new crash test dummy is received, the manufacturer begins by determining which parts and materials must be purchased from specific vendors, which must be purchased from a range of approved suppliers, and to be manufactured in the house, for example, clothes for the models is provided by a specific supplier; but, for the foam used to support vinyl skin, naming specific vendors is avoided, and the only manufacturer to meet certain equivalents.
Models and molds for metal pieces to be cut or cast are manufactured from the design drawings, and the necessary tooling is made to prepare for metal parts, they are cast, cut, heat treated up to three times, plated and machined to cut, smooth, and refine the finished parts Finally, the metal parts are assembled using fasteners that are also specified.
Plastics are designed similarly machined, and molded by injection molding or other methods suitable for plastic parts and materials are also machined and assembled or mounted on the metal parts.
After fitting the metal body and the plastic of the mannequin, the skin is mounted on the dummy Some skins are made of vinyl which is molded on the model with the injected foam as vinyl to give firmness and suppleness to the skin which looks like the real thing other skins are made of vinyl pieces with foam layers These parts can be slid on and off like clothes skin which covers the head is in one piece which is placed on the aluminum skull colors are also very important for the artificial skin many customers want the flesh tones, but the skin with red or yellow coloration is sometimes preferred when the model will be used in the test which is filmed and yellow tones red make an accurate measurement of the movements on the film easier.
The model is designed with openings for instrumentation and wiring What are the biggest parts of the body including the head, chest, abdominal cavity, and clothing thighs is sometimes mounted on the factory models or provided to the customer so that the model can be dressed after the instrumentation has been inserted.
Quality control is strictly specified by the NTSA or other agencies before production is even considered dummy assemblers are well aware that their families will be sacrificed for the safety of thousands of members of the public, so that they feel a responsibility intense towards quality problems when parts of the body is complete and when the body and head are assembled, the model goes through a series of rigorous tests in calibration laboratory, where the necessary tests are performed and the measurements are made to confirm that the product complies with all the details of the design drawings and specifications tests include a drop test of the head, thorax impact chest.
The crash test dummy is formed of metal parts consisting of aluminum, bronze or steel, and metal plating materials A wide variety of plastic materials are also incorporated in most designs, and include Delrin a type of long-lasting acetate resin, urethane foam and vinyl polyurethane most mannequins are dressed to simulate reality, and specific vendors provide clothing, paintings and stickers for marking critical targets or measuring points the fact models, not only are external suppliers used for many dummy components, but the federal agencies that approve test dummy designs dictate specific suppliers to be used for certain materials.
Testing and calibration of the skull, neck, knees, other large joints and sometimes other parts of the members based on the use of model Depending on the physical type of the model is intended to represent the results of tests a child s vary the mass of the head, for example, is significantly smaller than adult's, so the test head drop will be entirely different set of certifications a kind of birth certificate stays with the model throughout its useful life to prove its testing and calibration for use in the reconstruction, modernization and re-calibrate.
No dummy manufacturing waste by-products is limited in metal and plastic that can be recycled.
Computer technologies have made the adaptable crash test dummy at the extremes of human activity by improving the design, test methods, miniaturization of instruments and data analysis Ultimately, however, the computer can be fatal to computer simulations of artificial family become so sophisticated that they can represent car accidents, damage to the vehicle itself, and injuries to the occupants simulations are attractive to automakers because they eliminate some, if not all, destructive testing, which costs about 750,000 per test vehicle occupants can be examined after the simulated impact, and details of injuries to the head and spine in particular can analyze up to three months design time can be removed from the design production schedule of a new car model and new models can be safer for a greater number of different sized drivers and passengers.
dummy manufacturers, on the other hand, insist that their families are here to stay more changes and complexity as well as technological applications that crash test dummies reliable barometers for government agencies recognize the vehicle performance and are asking manufacturers to produce dummies and sensors that focus on very specific injuries in 1995, this focus turned to lower the legs, the movement of the feet and Achilles tendons damage caused by frontal impacts of new sensors have the legs of the hybrid 350 certified in 1997 resemble those of a bionic man in 1999, the focus shifted to the rear bumper and develop state of the art of the vertebrae through research cooperation between organizations, universities and manufacturers of interest is also growing in the simulants of the skin bruising and ab shave during accidents; the data from these developments will also help doctors improve treatments for skin injuries like his human counterparts, the continuous dummy crash test to evolve in order to save our lives and limbs.
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How crash test dummy is made of parts used materials manufacturing history Product dimensions, crash, test, dummy, did.
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